Adadin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan tabarau muhimmin abu ne da ke tantance aikin daukar hoto a tsarin gani kuma yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin zane gaba daya. Yayin da fasahar daukar hoto ta zamani ke ci gaba, bukatar mai amfani da ita ta samun haske, daidaiton launi, da kuma sake fasalin cikakkun bayanai sun kara karfi, wanda hakan ya haifar da karin iko kan yaduwar haske a cikin kananan ambulan jiki. A wannan mahallin, adadin abubuwan da ke cikin ruwan tabarau ya bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin muhimman sigogi da ke jagorantar karfin tsarin gani.
Kowane ƙarin ruwan tabarau yana gabatar da ƙarin matakin 'yanci, yana ba da damar sarrafa hanyoyin haske daidai da ɗabi'ar mai da hankali a cikin hanyar gani. Wannan ingantaccen sassaucin ƙira ba wai kawai yana sauƙaƙe inganta hanyar hoto ta farko ba, har ma yana ba da damar gyara kurakurai da yawa na gani. Manyan kurakurai sun haɗa da rashin daidaituwar siffar ƙwallo - wanda ke tasowa lokacin da haskoki na gefe da na paraxial suka kasa haɗuwa a wuri ɗaya na mai da hankali; rashin daidaituwar sume - wanda ke bayyana azaman ɓarna mara daidaituwa na tushen tushe, musamman zuwa ga gefen hoto; astigmatism - wanda ke haifar da bambance-bambancen mai da hankali da ya dogara da al'ada; lanƙwasa filin - inda jirgin saman hoto ke lanƙwasa, yana haifar da yankuna masu kaifi tare da raguwar mayar da hankali ga gefen; da karkacewar geometric - wanda ke bayyana azaman nakasar hoto mai siffar ganga ko pincushion.
Bugu da ƙari, canje-canjen chromatic - duka axial da lateral - wanda watsawar abu ke haifarwa yana lalata daidaiton launi da bambanci. Ta hanyar haɗa ƙarin abubuwan ruwan tabarau, musamman ta hanyar haɗakar dabarun ruwan tabarau masu kyau da marasa kyau, ana iya rage waɗannan canje-canjen ta hanyar tsari, ta haka inganta daidaiton hoto a faɗin fagen kallo.
Saurin juyin halittar hoton mai ƙuduri mai girma ya ƙara faɗaɗa mahimmancin sarkakiyar ruwan tabarau. Misali, a cikin ɗaukar hoto na wayar salula, samfuran flagship yanzu suna haɗa na'urori masu auna firikwensin CMOS tare da adadin pixels sama da miliyan 50, wasu sun kai miliyan 200, tare da raguwar girman pixel akai-akai. Waɗannan ci gaba suna sanya buƙatu masu tsauri akan daidaiton kusurwa da sarari na hasken da ya faru. Don cikakken amfani da ƙarfin warware irin waɗannan jerin firikwensin mai yawa, ruwan tabarau dole ne su sami ƙimar Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) mafi girma a cikin kewayon mitar sarari mai faɗi, tabbatar da daidaiton zane mai kyau. Saboda haka, ƙirar abubuwa uku ko biyar na al'ada ba su isa ba, wanda ke haifar da ɗaukar sabbin tsare-tsare masu yawa kamar gine-ginen 7P, 8P, da 9P. Waɗannan ƙira suna ba da damar iko mafi kyau akan kusurwoyin hasken da ke da duhu, suna haɓaka kusan faruwar al'ada akan saman firikwensin da rage haɗin microlens. Bugu da ƙari, haɗa saman aspheric yana haɓaka daidaiton gyara don karkacewa da karkacewa, yana inganta kaifi-zuwa-gefe da ingancin hoto gabaɗaya.
A cikin tsarin daukar hoto na ƙwararru, buƙatar ƙwarewar gani tana haifar da ƙarin mafita masu rikitarwa. Gilashin tabarau masu girman gaske (misali, f/1.2 ko f/0.95) da ake amfani da su a cikin kyamarorin DSLR masu tsayi da kyamarori marasa madubi suna da saurin kamuwa da mummunan yanayin zagaye da rashin nutsuwa saboda ƙarancin zurfin filin su da kuma ƙarfin hasken da ke fitowa. Don magance waɗannan tasirin, masana'antun suna amfani da tarin ruwan tabarau waɗanda suka ƙunshi abubuwa 10 zuwa 14, suna amfani da kayan aiki na zamani da injiniyan daidaito. Gilashin da ba ya warwatsewa (misali, ED, SD) ana amfani da shi da dabara don danne watsawar chromatic da kuma kawar da haɗakar launi. Abubuwan Aspheric suna maye gurbin sassan zagaye da yawa, suna cimma ingantaccen gyara yayin rage nauyi da ƙidayar abubuwa. Wasu ƙira masu aiki sun haɗa da abubuwan gani masu diffractive (DOEs) ko ruwan tabarau na fluorite don ƙara danne rashin daidaituwar chromatic ba tare da ƙara babban taro ba. A cikin ruwan tabarau na zuƙowa na ultra-telephoto - kamar 400mm f/4 ko 600mm f/4 - haɗuwar na'urar na iya wuce abubuwa 20 daban-daban, tare da hanyoyin mayar da hankali kan iyo don kiyaye daidaiton ingancin hoto daga mayar da hankali zuwa rashin iyaka.
Duk da waɗannan fa'idodi, ƙara yawan abubuwan ruwan tabarau yana haifar da babban ciniki a fannin injiniya. Na farko, kowace hanyar sadarwa ta gilashin iska tana ba da gudummawar kusan kashi 4% na asarar haske. Ko da tare da sabbin abubuwan hana haske - gami da rufin nano (ASC), tsarin ƙananan raƙuman ruwa (SWC), da rufin broadband mai layuka da yawa - asarar watsawa ta tarin abubuwa ba za a iya kauce masa ba. Yawan adadin abubuwa na iya lalata cikakken watsa haske, rage rabon sigina zuwa hayaniya da ƙara saurin fashewa, hazo, da raguwar bambanci, musamman a cikin yanayin ƙarancin haske. Na biyu, juriyar masana'antu suna ƙara zama da wahala: dole ne a kiyaye matsayin axial, karkatarwa, da tazara na kowane ruwan tabarau a cikin daidaiton matakin micrometer. Bambanci na iya haifar da lalacewar aberration daga axis ko blur na gida, haɓaka rikitarwar samarwa da rage ƙimar yawan amfanin ƙasa.
Bugu da ƙari, yawan ruwan tabarau mai yawa yawanci yana ƙara girman tsarin da nauyi, yana saɓa wa ƙa'idar rage girman kayan lantarki na masu amfani. A cikin aikace-aikacen sararin samaniya kamar wayoyin komai da ruwanka, kyamarorin aiki, da tsarin daukar hoto da aka ɗora da drone, haɗa na'urorin gani masu aiki sosai cikin ƙananan abubuwan ƙira yana haifar da babban ƙalubalen ƙira. Bugu da ƙari, abubuwan da ke cikin injiniya kamar na'urorin kunna autofocus da na'urorin daidaita hoton gani (OIS) suna buƙatar isasshen sarari don motsi na ƙungiyar ruwan tabarau. Tarin tabarau masu rikitarwa ko marasa tsari na iya hana bugun mai kunna da amsawa, yana rage saurin mai da hankali da ingancin daidaitawa.
Saboda haka, a cikin ƙirar gani ta amfani, zaɓar mafi kyawun adadin abubuwan ruwan tabarau yana buƙatar cikakken nazarin ciniki na injiniya. Masu zane dole ne su daidaita iyakokin aikin ka'idoji tare da ƙuntatawa na zahiri, gami da aikace-aikacen manufa, yanayin muhalli, farashin samarwa, da bambance-bambancen kasuwa. Misali, ruwan tabarau na kyamara ta hannu a cikin na'urorin kasuwa na yau da kullun yawanci suna ɗaukar saitunan 6P ko 7P don daidaita aiki da ingancin farashi, yayin da ruwan tabarau na ƙwararru na iya fifita ingancin hoto na ƙarshe akan girman da nauyi. A lokaci guda, ci gaba a cikin software na ƙirar gani - kamar Zemax da Code V - yana ba da damar haɓaka abubuwa masu canzawa masu rikitarwa, yana ba injiniyoyi damar cimma matakan aiki daidai da manyan tsarin ta amfani da ƙananan abubuwa ta hanyar ingantattun bayanan lanƙwasa, zaɓin ma'aunin haske, da haɓaka ma'aunin aspheric.
A ƙarshe, adadin abubuwan ruwan tabarau ba wai kawai ma'aunin rikitarwa na gani ba ne, amma muhimmin canji ne wanda ke bayyana babban iyakar aikin hoto. Duk da haka, ba a cimma ingantaccen ƙirar gani ta hanyar haɓaka lambobi kaɗai ba, amma ta hanyar gina gine-gine mai daidaito, wanda aka sani da kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya daidaita gyaran rashin daidaituwa, ingancin watsawa, ƙanƙantar tsari, da kuma iya kerawa. Idan aka duba gaba, sabbin abubuwa a cikin sabbin kayan aiki - kamar manyan polymers masu rarrafe, ƙananan polymers masu watsawa da metamaterials - dabarun ƙira na zamani - gami da ƙirar matakin wafer da sarrafa saman freeform - da hoton kwamfuta - ta hanyar ƙira tare da na'urorin gani da algorithms - ana sa ran sake fasalta yanayin ƙidayar ruwan tabarau na "mafi kyau", wanda ke ba da damar tsarin hotunan ƙarni na gaba wanda ke da babban aiki, babban hankali, da ingantaccen sikelin girma.
Lokacin Saƙo: Disamba-16-2025